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Serum Electrolytes

Serum Electrolytes 

Contents What Are Serum Electrolytes?Functions of ElectrolytesElectrolyte PanelSODIUM (NA⁺) POTASSIUM (K⁺)CHLORIDE (Cl⁻)  BICARBONATE (HCO₃⁻) Clinical Significance of Serum electrolyte Test: Why Is the Test Ordered?REFERENCESWhat Are Serum Electrolytes? Electrolytes are essential minerals, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride e.t.c. that are found…

PEP PAST QUESTIONS QUIZ

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) drug classes

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland common in aging men, leading to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). For pharmacy students and interns, understanding its pathophysiology, pharmacological management, counseling strategies, and emerging therapies is crucial…

Contraceptives

Contraceptives: Types, MOA and Intereractions

Contraceptives: Types and MOA Contraceptives are a cornerstone of reproductive health, offering individuals and couples the means to plan and space pregnancies, reduce unintended pregnancies, and support broader public health goals. For pharmacy students and interns, a deep understanding of…

PEP Exam Guide Nigeria

PEP Exam Guide Nigeria – Eligibility, Application, Syllabus & Competences (2025)

Antiemetics

Antiemetics: Mechanisms and Clinical Use

Antiemetics are the drugs used to suppress nausea and vomiting. They act on various receptors and pathways, depending on the cause of the symptoms. A deep understanding of antiemetics is essential in clinical practice, particularly in oncology, gastroenterology, anesthesia, and…

5-HT₃ Receptor Antagonists

5-HT₃ Receptor Antagonists: Mechanism, Clinical Uses, and Side Effects

Nausea and vomiting unpleasant as they are can  sometimes occur due to significant clinical problems. Constant Vomiting can lead to severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and a decreased quality of life especially in patients undergoing cancer treatments like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or…

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors

5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors: Mechanism, Clinical Uses, and Side Effects

In pharmacology and clinical medicine, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) have a variety of life saving uses. These drugs have been widely used to manage conditions  such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia) which are linked to…

How to Pass the Nigerian (PEP) Pharmacy Pre-Registration Exam

PEP for Pharmacy Interns: How to Pass the Nigerian Pharmacy Pre-Registration Exam

Contents What Is the PEP and Why It MattersEligibility Requirements for PEP ExamPEP Structure of the Exam and Subjects CoveredApplication Process and Timeline for PEP ExamKey PEP Exam Preparation Tips and ResourcesWhat to Expect on the Exam DayAfter the Exam:…

Antihypertensive Drugs: Types, Mechanism of Action & Side Effects

Antihypertensive Drugs: Types, Mechanism of Action & Side Effects

Antihypertensive drugs are used to lower high blood pressure (hypertension) and stop problems including stroke, heart attack, kidney damage, and heart failure from happening. These medications function by changing how the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and nervous system control blood…

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